First Meeting with C2I

We had a First Meet for Technical track in C2I for deciding on what are the projects we are going to take up, and what role each one will be playing. After a Capacity Building Program on 8th and 9th. Now we have a clear thought, we are going to change Hyderabad in some or the other way, we have belief, we have confidence, we have strength enough, and we are going stand beside our idea to any level and make it possible. As Krishna Moham sir says "We are Extraordinary People working on Extraordinary Projects"

So there were different projects presented by our mentors Krishna Mohan Sir, Mahendar Sir, and Hemendar Sir, and other fellows, I will give details about some of them informally. We are having four Creative Tracks. Under each we have the following

Energy

1. Solar Electrifying: The idea was that we are going to identify some place or slum near to Hyderabad and electrify them with solar technology. Rama Gogula Sir also can also help us. He owns a company that produces some high energy savings bulbs.

2. Solar Electrifying Schools : Nokia India has taken a prestigious project of identifying some schools and installing there some E-Teaching Solutions through projectors, and teachers can use Nokia cell phones to give their presentations. But the project has a problem, that most of these schools are out of power supply, for most of the time. So we are to present a solution that we are able to generate enough solar energy to run the required E-Class equipment for minimum 6 hours.

E-Wastage

1. Recycling Electronic Wastage: We are going to form a team, go to engineering colleges, ask them for E-Wastage. We shall route this E-Wastage to appropriate channels like mobile waste to Nokia Recycling Centres.

Water

1. Lake Re modelling: We can select any lake, list down all the reasons for its contamination, present situation, what can be done for the cleaning of these water sources. Then we can work out some action plan to get it cleaned up, or take actions to stop the inflow of wastage into water resources.

2. Adopt a Lake: We will create a platform or framework where we present a list of endangered Lakes, and make them available to IT Campnies, by providing them BOT Luxuries so that they can adopt the lake and play a role in Corporate Social Responsibility.

Transport

1.Something similar to London Legion, to encourage pedestrain way and public transportation. We will identify some place, install map poles that give information on nearest landmarks and how to reach them, quickly through walking or public transportation.

2. We shall plan to build a Web Application or a Mobile App to give away the details about the routes and APSRTC details to the public.

These were some of the ideas presented in the brainstorming session went long for 3 hours with a small Cool drink break. Enjoyed with you all guys.

Finally we mostly came to conclusion on the choosing Solar Electrifying, Recycling, Adopt a Lake projects and yet to decide on the Transport Track. 

Myself being a Web Developer, Ethical Hacker and a student of Computer Science, I am planning to work on Adopt a Lake, my part being to creating a website to store all the information about the lakes, and make the information to public, to whoever wants to adopt a lake... Looking forward to start creating to inspire...:-D

A Source of Inspiration

Orientation Day for the Fellows selected for the Nokia Create to Inspire 2012

Agenda : You will be going to meet your mentors and your team mates.
Time : 9.30 to 5.00

When I was informed about this I didnt understand what we will do whole day meeting with teammates (literally what). But today at the end of the session, I never felt so inspired, rejuvinated, and energetic. Even posting this post after so many days. Beacuse the talks by various people today, motivvated me so much.


The Meet started with some registrations and then an icebreaking session.

We all stood in a circle, and had to introduce ourselves in a creative way. Everyone made fun actions on what art form they are into, some showed a dance step, and some their style. I made my old familiar asusual routine sitting before my computer on internet and in particular facebook.

Next session was truely a icebreaking one. We each in our registraion file had a animal name, depending on our form. So we have to make the animals noise and find others who are animals and form a flock. Funny it was. Then we had a tea break, and a time to get to know other people and our team mates and some networking.

Then we had talk by Viswanath Sir. A social worker, mind you not by profession, but by choice. He was an example that people don't just do social work for hobby, but they do social work because they want to.

Some Inspiring quotes by him

"Now If God calls me, it is enough of your life. Then I would be willingly go with him, beacuse I am so much happy with the change I was able to make, and the lives I was able to change".

Next Krishna sir, the theme leader for the Create to Inspire 2012 from Hyderabad, spoke few words, about how social work has been a integral part of his life, and the activities he has taken up.

Then there was a talk by Nirupama Mam, she is the mentor for Puppetry art in our Create to Inspire, She told a small story about how puppets can make people smile which the latest animations cant do. How People get connected with puppets in the puppetry.

And Paresh Sir, He is mentor for the photography art. He was very cool, he inspired with his story what are the difficulties he faced when he chose photography as a profession, and the challenges he faced. That was an inspiring talk, that inculcated some passion into us. That whatever we do, we need to stand for what we love to do. Among his lot of his words, I want to quote a particular line he spoke.

Student : How do you define photography, Is a guy with a costly camera, is a better photographer than a guy with a simple camera.
Paresh : It is an art of seeing, even when you are blindfolded.

claps claps......

Now it was getting too late and we were very hungry.. Soon after the question answer session. We had our lunch. The Lunch at Moksh was great along with a dessert.

Post afternoon we had a talk from Fareeda Mam, from WWF, She gave a presentation on the Ecological problems in our city. So we can choose any one of the topic, to build our project on. The Presentation was too lengthy but very informative. Some of her words..


Then an activist from "Its Time to Make Change" spoke few words about the organistaion, the activites they have tasken up and about how filing an RTI can make wonders.

Then some time for networking with other guys, mentors, a tea break and a photo. Hope Krishna Sir mails me the photo as early as possible, I want it to be my cover photo..:p

It was a great chance to meet new mentors, work under leadership. But moreover it was great meeting like minded people, who have been inspiring with their own success list they had. It was great talking to all the guys. Some names I can remember Sri Harsha, Rahul, Rahul, Rahul, (Yeah there were three or four people), Nahid, Zain, Pramita(Intellignt by Mind), Prudhvi, and many more..

I wish all the guys a good luck and had a nice day with you all guys. Hope will make this Fellowship successful..

Create to Inspire truely inspired me today. Now it is time to make a change, and inspire others (Actual Theme). Making Hyderabad a better place..

Important Formulae for Aptitude Solving in Competitive Exams

Here is a list of formulae that are helpful for solving aptitude problems for Competitive Exams, Campus Recruitment Training, CAT, and others.


A) Profit and loss

1) Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
2) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
3) Gain % = (Gain x 100)/C.P.
4) Loss % = (Loss x 100)/C.P.
5) SP = ((100 + Gain %) x C.P)/100
6) SP = ((100 - Loss %) x C.P.)/100
7) C.P. = (100 x S.P.)/ (100 + Gain %)
8 ) C.P. = (100 x S.P.)/ (100 - Loss %)
9) When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:
Loss % = ((Common Loss and Gain %) /10) ^2 = (x*x)/100.
10) If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Gain % = [(Error x 100) /(True Value) - (Error)]%


B ) Percentage

1) To express x% as a fraction: x%=x/100.
2) To express a/b as a percent: a/b=[(a/b)*100]%
3) (i) If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: [(R/ (100+R))*100]%
(ii) If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is: [(R/ (100-R))*100]%
4) Results on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
(i) Population after n years = P * (1 + R/100)^n
(ii) Population n years ago = P /(1 + R/100)^n
5) Results on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
(i) Value of the machine after n years = P *(1 - R/100) ^n
(ii) Value of the machine n years ago = P / (1 - R/100) ^n
6) If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by:
[(R/ (100+R)) * 100]%
7) If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by : [(R/ (100-R)) * 100]%


C) Average

1) Average = (sum of observation) / (Number of observations)
2) Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is (2xy/(x+y)) kmph

D) Time and Work

1) If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 1/n
2) If A's 1 day's work = 1/n, then A can finish the work in n days.
3) If A is twice as good a workman as B, then:
(i) Ratio of work done by A and B = 2:1
(ii) Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1:2

E) Time and Distance

1) (i) Speed = Distance / Time
(ii) Time = Distance / Speed
(iii) Distance = Speed * Time
2) x km/hr = (x * 5/18) m/sec
3) x m/sec = (x * 18/5) km/hr
4) If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times taken by then to cover the same distance is 1/a : 1/b or b : a.
5) Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is: [2xy/(x+y)] km / hr


F) Partnership

1) Ratio of Divisions of Gains:
(i)When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments.
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the year:
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y.

(ii) When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq.

2) Working and Sleeping Partners: A partner who manages the business is known as a working partner and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.


G) Simple Interest

1) Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called “the principal " or " the sum".
2) Interest: Extra money paid for using others money is called "interest".
3) Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, and then it is called "simple interest".

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then:

(i) Simple Interest = (P*T*R)/100
(ii) P = (100*S.I.) / (R*T); R = (100*S.I.) / (P*T) ; T = (100*S.I.) / (P*R).


H) Ratio and Proportion

1) The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction a/b and we write it as a : b.
2) Proportion: The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion . Here a and d are called "extremes", while b and c are called "mean terms".
Product of means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).
3) (i) Fourth Proportional : If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
(ii)Third Proportional: a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
(iii)Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is (ab) ^0.5.
4) (i) Comparison of Ratios : We say that (a : b) > (c : d) -> a/b > c/d .
(ii) Compounded Ratio: The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is : (ace : bdf)
5) (i) Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^2 : b^2).
(ii) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^0.5 : b^0.5).
(iii) Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^3 : b^3).
(iv) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^1/3 : b^1/3).
(v) If a/b=c/d , then a+b/a-b = c+d/c-d [componendo and dividendo]
6) (i)We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k.
(ii)We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k.

I) Permutations and Combinations

1) Factorial Notation: Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is :
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
2) Permutations: The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time are called "permutations".
3) Number of permutations: Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
nPr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) = n! / (n-r)!
4) If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
Such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is = n! / (p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)
5) Combinations: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is called a "combination".
6) Number of Combinations: The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
nCr = n! / (r!)(n - r!) = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors / r!

J) Chain Rule

1) Direct Proportion: Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase (or decrease) of the one, the other increases (or decreases) to the same extent.
2) Indirect Proportion: Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional, if on the increase of the one, the other decreases to the same extent and vice-versa.

K) Numbers

1) (a + b)(a - b) = (a^2 - b^2)
2) (a + b)^2 = (a^2 + b^2 + 2ab)
3) (a - b)^2 = (a^2 + b^2 - 2ab)
4) (a + b + c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
5) (a^3 + b^3) = (a + b)(a^2 - ab + b^2)
6) (a^3 - b^3) = (a - b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)
7) (a^3 + b^3 + c^3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 - ab - bc - ac)
8 ) When a + b + c = 0, then a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 3abc.

Hope you will make a wise use of them.
Source : www.indiabix.com

Javascript Injection

Summary: Javascript injection is a nifty little technique that allows you to alter a sites contents without actually leaving the site. This can be very usefull when say, you need to spoof the server by editing some form options. Examples will be explained throughout.

Contents:
I. Injection Basics
II. Cookie Editing
III. Form Editing


I. Injection Basics

Javascript injections are run from the URL bar of the page you are visiting. To use them, you must first completly empty the URL from the URL bar. That means no http:// or whatever.

Javascript is run from the URL bar by using the javascript: protocol. In this tutorial I will only teach you the bare bones of using this, but if you are a Javascript guru, you can expand on this using plain old javascript.

The two commands covered in this tutorial are the alert(); and void(); commands. These are pretty much all you will need in most situations. For your first javascript, you will make a simple window appear, first go to any website and then type the following into your URL bar:
javascript:alert('Hello, World');
You should get a little dialog box that says "Hello, World". This will be altered later to have more practical uses.

You can also have more than one command run at the same time:
javascript:alert('Hello'); alert('World');
This would pop up a box that said 'Hello' and than another that says 'World'.

II. Cookie Editing

First off, check to see if the site you are visiting has set any cookies by using this script:
javascript:alert(document.cookie);
This will pop up any information stored in the sites cookies. To edit any information, we make use of the void(); command.
javascript:void(document.cookie="Field = myValue");
This command can either alter existing information or create entirely new values. Replace "Field" with either an existing field found using the alert(document.cookie); command, or insert your very own value. Then replace "myValue" with whatever you want the field to be. For example:
javascript:void(document.cookie="Authorized=yes");
Would either make the field "authorized" or edit it to say "yes"... now wheter or not this does anything of value depends on the site you are injecting it on.

It is also usefull to tack an alert(document.cookie); at the end of the same line to see what effect your altering had.

III. Form Editing

Sometimes, to edit values sent to a given website through a form, you can simply download that html and edit it slightly to allow you to submit what you want. However, sometimes the website checks to see if you actually submitted it from the website you were supposed to. To get around this, we can just edit the form straight from javascript. Note: The changes are only temporary, so it's no tuse trying to deface a site through javascript injection like this.

Every form on a given webpage (unless named otherwise) is stored in the forms[x] array... where "x" is the number, in order from top to bottom, of all the forms in a page. Note that the forms start at 0, so the first form on the page would actually be 0, and the second would be 1 and so on. Lets take this example:

Note:Since this is the first form on the page, it is forms[0]

Say this form was used to email, say vital server information to the admin of the website. You can't just download the script and edit it because the submit.php page looks for a referer. You can check to see what value a certain form element has by using this script:
javascript:alert(document.forms[0].to.value)
This is similar to the alert(document.cookie); discussed previously. In this case, It would pop up an alert that says "admin@website.com"

So here's how to Inject your email into it. You can use pretty much the same technique as the cookies editing shown earlier:
javascript:void(document.forms[0].to.value="email@nhacks.com")
This would change the email of the form to be "email@nhacks.com". Then you could use the alert(); script shown above to check your work. Or you can couple both of these commands on one line.





Source : http://nexodyne.com/archive/index.php?t-14736.html

Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation 2nd Edition - John E. Hopcroft,Rajeev Motwani,Jeffrey D. Ullman

Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, 2/E
Publisher: Addison Wesley;
Author: John E. Hopcroft,Rajeev Motwani,Jeffrey D. Ullman
Edition: 2 edition (November 24, 2000)
Format: PDF
ISBN: 0201441241
EAN: 978-0201441246
No.ofPages: 521

Book Description:
It has been more than 20 years since this classic book on formal languages, automata theory, and computational complexity was first published. With this long-awaited revision, the authors continue to present the theory in a concise and straightforward manner, now with an eye out for the practical applications. They have revised this book to make it more accessible to today's students, including the addition of more material on writing proofs, more figures and pictures to convey ideas, side-boxes to highlight other interesting material, and a less formal writing style. Exercises at the end of each chapter, including some new, easier exercises, help readers confirm and enhance their understanding of the material. 

Table of Contents:
The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student with an overview of the theoretical foundations
of computer science from the perspective of formal languages.
• Classify machines by their power to recognize languages.
• Employ finite state machines to solve problems in computing.
• Explain deterministic and non-deterministic machines.
• Comprehend the hierarchy of problems arising in the computer sciences.

UNIT I :
Fundamentals : Strings, Alphabet, Language, Operations, Finite state machine, definitions, finite
automaton model, acceptance of strings, and languages, deterministic finite automaton and non
deterministic finite automaton, transition diagrams and Language recognizers.
UNIT II :
Finite Automata : NFA with Î transitions - Significance, acceptance of languages. Conversions and
Equivalence : Equivalence between NFA with and without Î transitions, NFA to DFA conversion,
minimisation of FSM, equivalence between two FSM’s, Finite Automata with output- Moore and Melay
machines.
UNIT III :
Regular Languages : Regular sets, regular expressions, identity rules, Constructing finite Automata for a
given regular expressions, Conversion of Finite Automata to Regular expressions. Pumping lemma of
regular sets, closure properties of regular sets (proofs not required).
UNIT IV :
Grammar Formalism : Regular grammars-right linear and left linear grammars, equivalence between
regular linear grammar and FA, inter conversion, Context free grammar, derivation trees, sentential forms.Right most and leftmost derivation of strings.
UNIT V :
Context Free Grammars : Ambiguity in context free grammars. Minimisation of Context Free Grammars.Chomsky normal form, Greiback normal form, Pumping Lemma for Context Free Languages. Enumeration of properties of CFL (proofs omitted).
UNIT VI :
Push Down Automata : Push down automata, definition, model, acceptance of CFL, Acceptance by final state and acceptance by empty state and its equivalence. Equivalence of CFL and PDA, interconversion.(Proofs not required). Introduction to DCFL and DPDA.
UNIT VII :
Turing Machine : Turing Machine, definition, model, design of TM, Computable functions, recursively
enumerable languages. Church’s hypothesis, counter machine, types of Turing machines (proofs not
required).
UNIT VIII
Computability Theory : Chomsky hierarchy of languages, linear bounded automata and context sensitive language, LR(0) grammar, decidability of, problems, Universal Turing Machine, undecidability of posts. Correspondence problem, Turing reducibility, Definition of P and NP problems, NP complete and NP hard problems.

 

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Mobile Communications 2nd Edition - Jochen Schiller

Publisher: Addison Wesley
Number Of Pages: 492
Publication Date: 2003-09-21
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0321123816
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780321123817

Product Description:

This book takes a non-mathematical, computer science approach to the introduce the field of mobile communications. A wide range of examples is combined with a strong pedagogy making the book perfect for self-study. This book explains the most current developments in mobile communications in both research and industry in a well-structured context with a detailed technical background. An up-to-date idea of the mobile/wireless communications field is provided throughout the text. People interested in learning about mobile communications from a computer scientist's perspective.

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